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| Previous Nomenclature | None |
| Description | Staining of microtubules and intermediate filaments spreading outward from the nuclear rim/nuclear envelope |
| Antigen Association | Cytokeratins 8, 18, 19, tropomyosin, tubulin, vimentin |
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Clinical Relevance
First level information About Clinical Relevance & List of Abbreviations |
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▶ Found in various diseases, but the AC-16 pattern has low positive predictive value for any disease. Notes: Specific immunoassays for these autoantibodies are currently not commercially available. |
| Second level information |
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Autoantibodies to cytokeratin 8, 18, 19: ▶ Higher levels of autoantibodies to cytokeratin 8, cytokeratin 18 and cytokeratin 19 reported in patients with autoimmune hepatitis compared with normal volunteers and patients with chronic active hepatitis C virus infection [1]. ▶ Autoantibody against the 45-kDa human cytokeratin 18 protein reported in 76% of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients and 24% of control subjects [2]. ▶ Autoantibodies to cytokeratin 18 and immune complexes containing cytokeratin 18 reported in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis [3]. ▶ Higher levels of anti-cytokeratin 19 reported in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary fibrosis associated with collagen vascular disorders compared with healthy controls, patients with chronic bronchitis, and patients with pneumonia [4]. Autoantibodies to tropomyosin: ▶ Tropomyosin antibodies were reported in ulcerative colitis as marker antibodies, helping with the diagnostic distinction from Crohn's disease [5]. Autoantibodies to tubulin: ▶ Reported in 50% of sera from patients with alcoholic liver disease, but in only 7 – 13% of sera from patients with chronic active hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, and healthy controls [6]. ▶ Reported in high prevalence in patients with certain parasitic infections [7]. ▶ IgM autoantibodies to tubulin have been described in patients with infectious mononucleosis and healthy adults [8]. ▶ IgG autoantibodies to tubulin have been detected specifically associated with young age onset of nasopharyngeal carcinoma [9]. ▶ Reported in a single case of a patient with a progressive sensorimotor neuropathy [10]. ▶ High levels of polyclonal autoantibodies to tubulin are associated with acquired demyelinating polyneuropathies [11, 12]. ▶ Low levels of autoantibodies are reported in healthy controls [13]. ▶ Reported as one of the biomarkers for Sydenham’s chorea and PANDAS syndrome [14]. ▶ IgA-anti-TBB5 was mainly found in alcohol-associated liver disease (39%) and IgG-anti-TBB5 had high specificity for untreated autoimmune hepatitis. Their presence may indicate a poor response to immune suppression therapy [15]. Autoantibodies to vimentin: ▶ IgG and IgM autoantibodies to vimentin have been reported as relevant markers in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 and associated tumors [16]. ▶ Rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory arthritis patients may have antibodies to citrullinated isoforms of vimentin; it is, however, unlikely that these antibodies show the AC-16 pattern [17]. ▶ Reported to occur after solid organ transplantation and implicated in rejection and poor outcome in cardiac or renal transplantation [18, 19]. ▶ Elevated anti-vimentin levels identified as independent predictors of pregnancy loss in women with a history of spontaneous miscarriage [20]. Notes: Most reports describe autoantibodies directly binding to specific antigens (i.e., antigen-specific immunoassays) and none actually show correlations with the AC-16 pattern. |
| References |
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1. Murota M, Nishioka M, Fujita J, Dobashi N, Wu F, Ohtsuki Y, Hojo S, Takahara J, et al. Anti-cytokeratin antibodies in sera of the patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2001;125:291-9. 2. Kuo YB, Chang CA, Wu YK, Hsieh MJ, Tsai CH, Chen KT, Chen CY, Chan EC. Identification and clinical association of anti-cytokeratin 18 autoantibody in COPD. Immunol Lett. 2010;128:131-6. 3. Dobashi N, Fujita J, Murota M, Ohtsuki Y, Yamadori I, Yoshinouchi T, Ueda R, Bandoh S, et al. Elevation of anti-cytokeratin 18 antibody and circulating cytokeratin 18: anti-cytokeratin 18 antibody immune complexes in sera of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Lung. 2000;178:171-9. 4. Fujita J, Dobashi N, Ohtsuki Y, Yamadori I, Yoshinouchi T, Kamei T, Tokuda M, Hojo S, et al. Elevation of anti-cytokeratin 19 antibody in sera of the patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary fibrosis associated with collagen vascular disorders. Lung. 1999;177:311-9. 5. Mirza ZK, Sastri B, Lin JJ, Amenta PS, Das KM. Autoimmunity against human tropomyosin isoforms in ulcerative colitis: localization of specific human tropomyosin isoforms in the intestine and extraintestinal organs. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006;12:1036-43. 6. Kurki P, Miettinen A, Salaspuro M, Virtanen I, Stenman S. Cytoskeleton antibodies in chronic active hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology. 1983;3:297-302. 7. Howard MK, Gull K, Miles MA. Antibodies to tubulin in patients with parasitic infections. Clin Exp Immunol. 1987;68:78-85. 8. Mead GM, Cowin P, Whitehouse JM. Antitubulin antibody in healthy adults and patients with infectious mononucleosis and its relationship to smooth muscle antibody (SMA). Clin Exp Immunol. 1980;39:328-36. 9. Jalbout M, Bel Hadj Jrad B, Bouaouina N, Gargouri J, Yacoub S, Zakhama A, Khlifa R, Chouchane L. Autoantibodies to tubulin are specifically associated with the young age onset of the nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 2002;101:146-50. 10. Stubbs EB, Jr., Fisher MA, Siegel GJ. Anti-tubulin antibodies in a sensorimotor neuropathy patient alter tubulin polymerization. Acta Neuropathol. 1998;95:302-5. 11. Connolly AM, Pestronk A. Anti-tubulin autoantibodies in acquired demyelinating polyneuropathies. J Infect Dis. 1997;176 Suppl 2:S157-9. 12. Manfredini E, Nobile-Orazio E, Allaria S, Scarlato G. Anti-alpha- and beta-tubulin IgM antibodies in dysimmune neuropathies. J Neurol Sci. 1995;133:79-84. 13. Karsenti E, Guilbert B, Bornens M, Avrameas S. Antibodies to tubulin in normal nonimmunized animals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977;74:3997-4001. 14. Kirvan CA, Cox CJ, Swedo SE, Cunningham MW. Tubulin is a neuronal target of autoantibodies in Sydenham's chorea. J Immunol. 2007;178:7412-21. 15. Preuss B, Frank A, Terjung B, Spengler U, Berg C, Klein R. Autoantibodies to beta tubulin in autoimmune liver diseases-Relation to pANCA and clinical relevance. Clin Exp Immunol. 2024;216:146-58. 16. Kotaska K, Petrak B, Kukacka J, Kraus J, Prusa R. Anti-vimentin antibodies and neuron-specific enolase in children with neurofibromatosis type-1. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2007;28:761-4. 17. Tilleman K, Van Steendam K, Cantaert T, De Keyser F, Elewaut D, Deforce D. Synovial detection and autoantibody reactivity of processed citrullinated isoforms of vimentin in inflammatory arthritides. Rheumatology. 2008;47:597-604. 18. Mahesh B, Leong HS, McCormack A, Sarathchandra P, Holder A, Rose ML. Autoantibodies to vimentin cause accelerated rejection of cardiac allografts. Am J Pathol. 2007;170:1415-27. 19. Besarani D, Cerundolo L, Smith JD, Procter J, Barnardo MC, Roberts IS, Friend PJ, Rose ML, et al. Role of anti-vimentin antibodies in renal transplantation. Transplantation. 2014;98:72-8. 20. Xiang J, Bao R, Zhang J, Cai Z. Association between antivimentin/cardiolipin antibodies and pregnancy loss in pregnant women with at least one spontaneous miscarriage. BMC Immunol. 2025;26:56. |
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